Birders know the importance of birdsong for species identification. In the Ornithological Biography, Audubon frequently describes phonetically the calls and songs of many species, which underscores his extensive field observations. 

Featured here is a selection from the recordings of birds in Part III of The Complete Flock. For full information on each of these watercolors by Audubon, please visit our collection’s website: emuseum.nyhistory.org. The audio is courtesy of the Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York.

	Common Loon (Gavia immer), 1863.17.306
	Little Blue Heron (Egretta caerulea), 1863.18.39
	Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca), 1863.17.308
	Common Tern (Sterna hirundo), 1863.18.33
	Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularius), 1863.17.310
	American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos), 1863.17.311
	Long-tailed Duck (Clangula hyemalis), 1863.17.312
	Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors), 1863.17.313
	Laughing Gull (Leucophaeus atricilla), 1863.17.314
	Red Knot (Calidris canutus), 1863.17.315
	Anhinga (Anhinga anhinga), 1863.17.316
	Surf Scooter (Melanitta perspicillata), 1863.17.317
	American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana), 1863.17.318
	Least Tern (Sternula antillarum), 1863.17.319
	Least Sandpiper (Calidris minutilla), 1863.17.320
	Roseate Spoonbill (Platalea ajaja), 1863.17.321
	Redhead (Aythya americana), 1863.17.322
	Black Skimmer (Rynchops niger), 1863.17.323
	Bonaparte’s Gull (Chroicocephalus philadelphia), 1863.17.324
	Bufflehead (Bucephala albeola), 1863.17.325
	Northern Gannet (Morus bassanus), 1863.17.326
	Northern Shoveler (Anas clypeata), 1863.17.327
	Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus), 1863.17.328
	Yellow Rail (Coturnicops noveboracensis), 1863.17.329
	Semipalmated Plover (Charadrius semipalmatus), 1863.17.330
	Common Merganser (Mergus merganser), 1863.17.331
	Green Heron (Butorides virescens), 1863.17.333
	Black-bellied Plover (Pluvialis squatarola), 1863.17.334
	Short-billed Dowitcher (Limnodromus griseus), 1863.17.335
	Yellow-crowned Night-Heron (Nyctanassa violacea), 1863.17.336
	American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus), 1863.17.337
	Dovekie (Alle alle), 1863.17.339
	European Storm-Petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus), 1863.17.340
	Common Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula), 1863.17.342
	Ruddy Duck (Oxyura jamaicensis), 1863.17.343
	Stilt Sandpiper (Calidris himantopus), 1863.17.344
	American Wigeon (Anas americana), 1863.17.345
	Pacific Loon (Gavia pacifica), 1863.17.346
	Gadwall (Anas strepera), 1863.17.348
	Black Rail (Laterallus jamaicensis), 1863.17.349
	Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus), 1863.17.350
	Great Gray Owl (Strix nebulosa), 1863.17.351
	White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus), 1863.17.352
	Chestnut-backed Chickadee (Poecile rufescens), 1863.17.353
	Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea), 1863.17.354
	Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus), 1863.17.355
	Northern Harrier (Circus cyaneus), 1863.17.356
	Black-billed Magpie (Pica hudsonia), 1863.17.357
	Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator), 1863.17.358
	Western Kindbird (Tyrannus verticalis), 1863.17.359
	Winter Wren (Troglodytes hiemalis), 1863.17.360
	Dusky Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus), 1863.17.361
	Steller’s Jay (Cyanocitta stelleri), 1863.17.362
	Bohemian Waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus), 1863.17.363
	White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera), 1863.17.364
	Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus), 1863.17.365
	Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus), 1863.17.366
	Band-tailed Pigeon (Patagioenas fasciata), 1863.17.367
	Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta), 1863.17.1368
	Sage Thrasher (Oreoscoptes montanus), 1863.17.177
	American Dipper (Cinclus mexicanus), 1863.17.177
	Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), 1863.17.177
	Swainson’s Hawk (Buteo swainsoni), 1863.17.177
	Black-headed Grosbeak (Pheucticus melanocephalus), 1863.17.177
	Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus), 1863.17.374
	Common Redpoll (Acanthis flammea), 1863.17.375
	Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator), 1863.17.376
	Limpkin (Aramus guarauna), 1863.17.377
	Northern Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula), 1863.17.378
	Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus), 1863.17.379
	Boreal Owl (Aegolius funereus), 1863.17.380
	Snow Goose (Chen caerulescens), 1863.17.381
	Sharp-tailed Grouse (Tympanuchus phasianellus), 1863.17.382
	Long-eared Owl (Asio otus), 1863.17.383
	Dickcissel (Spiza americana), 1863.17.384
	Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia), 1863.17.385
	Great Egret (Ardea alba), 1863.17.386
	Glossy Ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), 1863.17.387
	Tricolored Blackbird (Agelaius tricolor), 1863.17.388
	Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis), 1863.17.389
	Song Sparrow (Melospiza melodia), 1863.17.390
	Brant (Branta bernicla), 1863.17.391
	Harris’s Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus), 1863.17.392
	Mountain Bluebird (Sialia currucoides), 1863.17.393
	Eastern Towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), 1863.17.394
	Glaucous Gull (Larus hyperboreus), 1863.17.396
	Scarlet Ibis (Eudocimus ruber), 1863.17.397
	Dark-eyed Junco (Junco hyemalis), 1863.17.398
	Golden-winged Warbler (Vermivora chrysoptera), 1863.17.399
	Lesser Goldfinch (Spinus psaltria), 1863.17.400
	Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator), 1863.17.401
	Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata), 1863.17.402
	Barrow’s Goldeneye (Bucephala islandica), 1863.17.403
	Eared Grebe (Podiceps nigricollis), 1863.17.404
	Semipalmated Sandpiper (Calidris pusilla), 1863.17.405
	Trumpeter Swan (Cygnus buccinator), 1863.17.406
	Black Scoter (Melanitta americana), 1863.17.408
	Forster’s Tern (Sterna forsteri), 1863.17.409
	Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica), 1863.17.410
	Tundra Swan (Cygnus columbianus), 1863.17.411
	Brandt’s Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus), 1863.17.412
	California Quail (Callipepla californica), 1863.17.413
	Golden-winged Warbler, 1863.17.414
	Pygmy Nuthatch (Sitta pygmaea), 1863.17.415
	Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus), 1863.17.416
	Hairy Woodpecker (Picoides villosus), 1863.17.417
	Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta), 1863.17.418
	Hermit Thrush (Catharus guttatus), 1863.17.419
	Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), 1863.17.420
	Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), 1863.17.177
	Rough-legged Hawk (Buteo lagopus), 1863.17.177
	Crested Bobwhite (Colinus cristatus), 1863.17.177
	Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater), 1863.17.177
	Anna’s Hummingbird (Calypte anna), 1863.17.177
	California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus), 1863.17.177
	Black Oystercatcher (Haematopus bachmani), 1863.17.177
	Surfbird (Aphriza virgata), 1863.17.177
	Steller’s Eider (Polysticta stelleri), 1863.17.177
	Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), 1863.17.177
	American Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), 1863.17.177
	Morthern Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium gnoma), 1863.17.177
	Varied Thrush (Ixoreus naevius), 1863.17.177
	Western Wood-Pewee (Contopus sordidulus), 1863.17.177
	American Dipper (Cinclus mexicanus), 1863.17.177

Featured here is a selection from the 127 recordings of birds in Part II of The Complete Flock. For full information on each of these watercolors by Audubon, please visit our collection’s website: emuseum.nyhistory.org. The audio is courtesy of the Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York.

	White-crowned Pigeon (Patagioenas leucocephala), 1863.17.177
	Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), 1863.17.181
	Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa), 1863.17.183
	Black-throated Mango (Anthracothorax nigricollis), 1863.17.184
	Bachman’s Warbler (Vermivora bachmanii), 1863.17.185
	Greater Prairie-Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido), 1863.17.186
	Northern Saw-whet Owl (Aegolius acadicus), 1863.17.199
	Horned Lark (Eremophila alpestris), 1863.17.200
	Wood Duck (Aix sponsa), 1863.17.206
	Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), 1863.17.211
	Atlantic Puffin (Fratercula arctica), 1863.17.213
	Tricolored Heron (Egretta tricolor), 1863.17.217
	Black Guillemot (Cepphus grylle), 1863.17.219
	White Ibis (Eudocimus albus), 1863.17.222
	American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliatus), 1863.17.223
	Whooping Crane (Grus americana), 1863.17.226
	Northern Pintail (Anas acuta), 1863.17.227
	Greater Scaup (Aythya marila), 1863.17.229
	Long-billed Curlew (Numenius americanus), 1863.17.231
	Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus), 1863.17.232
	Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), 1863.17.236
	Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa), 1863.17.238
	Snowy Egret (Egretta thula), 1863.17.242
	Wilson’s Snipe (Gallinago delicata), 1863.17.243
	Common Eider (Somateria mollissima), 1863.17.246
	Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), 1863.17.251
	Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), 1863.17.252
	Reddish Egret (Egretta rufescens), 1863.17.256
	Leach’s Storm-Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa), 1863.17.260
	Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis), 1863.17.261
	American Woodcock (Scolopax minor), 1863.17.268
	Magnificent Frigatebird (Fregata magnificens), 1863.17.271
	Herring Gull (Larus argentatus), 1863.17.291

Featured here is a selection from the 175 recordings of birds in Part I of The Complete Flock. For full information on each of these watercolors by Audubon, please visit our collection’s website: emuseum.nyhistory.org. The audio is courtesy of the Macaulay Library at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, New York.

	Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), 1863.17.31
	Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula), 1863.17.12
	Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus) Yellow-shafted, 1863.17.37
	Barred Owl (Strix varia), 1863.17.46
	Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica), 1863.17.59
	White-eyed Vireo (Vireo griseus), 1863.17.63
	Red-Winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus), 1863.17.67
	Henslow’s Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii), 1863.17.70
	Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatus), 1863.17.72
	Merlin (Falco columbarius), 1863.17.75
	Eastern Whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus vociferus), 1863.17.82
	Black-throated Magpie-Jay (Calocitta colliei), 1863.17.96
	Marsh Wren (Cistothorus palustris), 1863.17.98
	Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), 1863.17.111
	Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus), 1863.17.127
	American Robin (Turdus migratorius), 1863.17.131
	Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna), 1863.17.136
	American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), 1863.17.156
	Carolina Chickadee (Poecile carolinensis), 1863.17.160
	Crested Caracara (Caracara cheriway), 1863.17.161
	Carolina Parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis), 1863.17.26
	Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius), 1863.17.62
	Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis), 1863.17.66